An understanding of how immigration offers a solution against the implications of the Covid-19 pandemic on youth entrepreneurship in South Africa

With the entire globe still amid a global pandemic, youth entrepreneurs endure the same impact as any regular business. These implications are either negative or positive or a combination of both. This paper aimed to educate South African youth and governments on the importance of ensuring that youth unemployment is kept low by engaging in entrepreneurship. Therefore, youth entrepreneurship is a solution to South Africa's youth unemployment issue. In addition, immigration was highlighted as a solution for those youth impacted tremendously by the pandemic. The pandemic brought many lockdowns and restrictions in South Africa, forcing existing and budding youth entrepreneurs to find alternatives or shut down completely. After using a qualitative approach in this paper, many recommendations are made in light of improving the state of youth entrepreneurship in South Africa. The most critical recommendation requires that South Africa, from the top-down, adopt a mindset that youth are South Africa's future. This will ensure that everything done to engage in the mentoring, uplifting and shaping of youth will reap the benefits of a better South Africa in years to come.

Fiscal deficits and the socioeconomic consequences of rebalancing: Insights from a TVP‐VAR with stochastic volatility

This article connects two salient economic features: (i) Fiscal shocks have asymmetric effects across business cycle phases (Gechert, Horn, & Paetz, 2019);(ii) the unemployment‐output trade‐off is time varying and may be unstable. The intertwined dynamic behaviour of fiscal deficit shocks and the unemployment‐output trade‐off is studied in this article using a time‐varying parameter (TVP) vector autoregression (VAR) with stochastic volatility techniques applied to the analysis of data from Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom and the United States of America. We confirm the trade‐off heterogeneity across country, and its time‐varying nature across time, showing in addition its fluctuation around a long‐run reference value. We document significant short‐run impacts of fiscal shocks on the unemployment‐output trade‐off which, based on the experience of the Global Financial Crisis, becomes larger in periods of economic turmoil. Policy‐wise, the rebalancing of public finances may have unexpected adverse effects on job creation if implemented during slumps, precisely when the labour market sensitivity with respect to the performance of the product market is likely to be more acute. This message is particularly relevant in the aftermath of the Covid‐19 pandemic.

Building a green future: Examining the job creation potential of electricity, heating, and storage in low-carbon buildings

Job creation is paramount when considering global transitions to low-carbon, clean-energy solutions. The building sector, critical to reducing greenhouse gas emissions on a global scale, has technologies available that rely on electricity rather than fossil fuels for energy and indoor heating and cooling. Solar photovoltaic, energy storage in the form of prosumer batteries, and heat pumps represent three readily deployable solutions to reduce carbon emissions in both new and retrofitted buildings. This study investigates the creation of jobs for each solution and then for all three combined across key countries in North America, Europe, and Asia. While other studies have explored aggregated job creation within nations, regions or globally, this first-of-a-kind study employs a micro-level approach examining six individual building archetypes: residential, hospital, hotel, office, retail, and education. Using the best available data as of 2022, the first-order assessment finds that more than 2 million new jobs and more than 141 million job years can be generated in Europe and the United States alone during the transition to net zero living.

Drivers of employment effects in tourism-related sectors: the case of Mainland China

PurposeTourism is a labor-intensive sector with extensive links to other industries and plays a vital role in creating employment. This study aims to propose a new framework to analyze the intrinsic structure of the employment effects of tourism-related sectors and their drivers.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses input–output and structural decomposition analysis (IO-SDA) to quantify the employment effects of tourism-related sectors and their driving mechanisms based on China's I-O tables of 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017.FindingsThe results show a declining trend in the intensity of direct or indirect employment effects in tourism-related sectors, indicating a decreasing number of jobs directly or indirectly required to create a unit of tourism output. Among tourism-related sectors, catering has the highest intensity of indirect employment effects over the study period. Catering stimulates the indirect employment of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and food and tobacco manufacturing. The decomposition analysis reveals that final demand is the largest contributor to the increase in tourism employment, while technological progress shifts from an employment-creation effect in 2002–2012 to an employment-destruction effect in 2012–2017.Originality/valueThis study proposes a new analytical framework to investigate the structural proportional relationship between the direct and indirect employment effects of various tourism-related sectors and their dynamic changes. Doing so, it provides valuable references for policymakers to promote tourism employment.

Agrotourism as peripheral and ultraperipheral community livelihoods diversification strategy: Insights from the Okavango Delta, Botswana

The potential of agrotourism for livelihoods diversification in remote (peripheral) and extremely remote (ultraperipheral) traditional, agrarian communities is indeed a testament of its uniqueness to enhance rural entrepreneurship development, employment creation and poverty alleviation. In an arid environment such as Botswana's where traditional agricultural concerns are generally impeded by inclement weather conditions exacerbated by climate variability and change scenarios, identifying opportunities in challenges associated with livelihood activities might provide a better pathway for improving rural socio-economic wellbeing and development. Semi-structured interviews and a literature review were used to document the current status and evolution of agrotourism in rural Botswana;and identify the associated constraints and opportunities, which the subsector might offer emerging entrepreneurs. Major findings reveal that agrotourism activities are relatively new and still fledgling in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. While 4.8 percent of the initiatives investigated accounts for agrotourism initiatives that are fully and currently operational in the area, another 4.8 percent constitutes the business initiatives, which are still not fully operational. Findings also revealed that most agrotourism businesses in the Okavango Delta were challenged by inadequate capital outlays constituting an impediment to running a successful business. While bureaucratic bottlenecks associated with registering agrotourism projects is a challenge for some entrepreneurs, a few others are bedeviled by lack of market for their products. The relatively fledgling status of agrotourism in the area might offer a good business opportunity for potential entrepreneurs and the government to fully exploit the socio-economic benefits of the subsector and push a more sustainable environmental conservation agenda, respectively. • Agrotourism as an alternative to mainstream ecotourism and a veritable pathway for socio-economic and rural development has not taken strong foothold in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. • The sector offers the potential for livelihoods diversification in peripheral and ultraperipheral, agrarian communities situated within wildlife areas. • COVID-19 pandemic, which has significantly affected ecotourism in Botswana, provides the impetus to drive the development of agrotourism for rural employment creation. • The ability of enterprising wildlife farmers to individually oversee their stocks within a manageable geographical scale could minimize poaching and enhance a better management of wildlife resources, and substantial economic returns on investment. • Agrotourism could propel national socio-economic development and push a more sustainable environmental conservation agenda in a fragile, arid environment. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Arid Environments is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

The vulnerability of technology-based business during COVID-19: an indicator-based conceptual framework

PurposeCOVID-19 has affected most business activities, including technology-based business. The higher the business vulnerability rating, the greater the impacts. After identifying three dimensions of vulnerability (exposure, business sensitivity and response capacity), this study aims to determine the potential components and indicators of the vulnerability of technology-based businesses.Design/methodology/approachUsing the indicator approach, a comprehensive vulnerability model was developed for assessing the vulnerability of the technology-based business against COVID-19.FindingsIn this study, COVID-19, as a biological threat and an exogenous shock, was considered the exposure dimension. Business characteristics, job characteristics, business owner-manager demographics, product and supplier characteristics were identified as the sensitivity dimension, while resources, human capital, technological capitals, social capitals, institutional capitals, infrastructures, management capacity and supply chain capabilities were defined as the adaptive business capability or response capacity. To determine vulnerability and response capacity against exogenous shocks and a pandemic crisis, the framework can act as a useful checklist for managers and owners of technology-based businesses.Originality/valueResearch on the COVID-19, especially in the technology-based business, is still at the emergent stage. This study is a pioneering effort to review the literature on business vulnerability and provide a framework to reduce business vulnerability using the indicator-based approach.

The Role of the Social Economy in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (Sdgs) at EU and Global Level

Social economy organizations play an important role in job creation, inclusive and sustainable growth, labour market integration, industrial development and enable reskilling and upskilling. They operate in a large variety of economic sectors and ecosystems, including providing social services, health care, social housing, which contribute to cushioning economic hits and enhancing resilience. Furthermore, social economy organisations usually operate at a local level, contributing to social innovation and inclusion. They have a considerable potential for creating fair development models and decent jobs. The study investigates a number of European Commission initiatives such as: the Circular Economy Action Plan, the SME Strategy, the Renovation Wave, the Recovery Plan - Next Generation EU, the Action Plan on Integration and Inclusion, the European Skills Agenda, initiatives that call on the potential of the social economy, in general, as well as more specifically in order to achieving a fair recovery. The study's objective is to analyse the social economy focusing on three aspects namely an entrepreneurial dimension linked to economic activities, a social dimension linked to societal impact, and a governance dimension linked to inclusiveness and participatory decision-making.

More Bang for Your Buck: Best-Practice Recommendations for Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Job Creation Studies

This paper discusses the application of robust experimental research methodologies that help to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of the Theory of Change, for which training programs and/or matching grants improve job creation in micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs and SMEs). The literature on both interventions, such as training and matching grants, recognizes methodological flaws that hamper achieving enough statistical evidence to test the aforementioned Theory of Change. A better understanding of the interventions and the mechanisms to create jobs has become critical to ensure the resurgence of the global economy after the COVID-19 pandemic and to face the threat of the upcoming industrial revolution. This paper proposes seven methodological meliorations in impact evaluation that will help to set improvements alongside the full process of a project: designing superior policies and programs, implementing projects, supporting the finer assessment of interventions, and establishing the subsequent advancement of science in testing solutions for job creation. © 2023, The Author(s).

Do entrepreneurship ecosystem and managerial skills contribute to startup development?

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting startup development and the entrepreneurship ecosystem's contribution to it.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative methodology is used for data collection from different startup owners working across Pakistan. It is a cross-sectional descriptive study, which investigates the causal effect of variables at a definite point in time. Non-probability convenient sampling was used for selecting available startups from the incubation centers. The sampling framework consists of the founders of the startups that have been previously incubated at any of the selected incubation centers.FindingsRegression analysis results from 165 responses of entrepreneurs and incubation centers demonstrate that the most important factors affecting startup development were financial access, government support, marketing challenges, education, technology and managerial skills in order of occurrence. Entrepreneurship ecosystem also proved to have a very positive impact on the relationship of these factors with startup development.Practical implicationsIn this paper, the factors that affect the development of startup are analyzed and recommendations are provided.Originality/valueThis research is comprehensive, as we have collected data from actual entrepreneurs and incubation centers to explain how entrepreneurs initiate their startup business by considering their managerial skills. As such, this study is unique in that the data comes from newly developed incubations centers in one of South Asia's fastest-growing economies.

Labour supply and policy

This article provides a framework for thinking about labour supply policy in Australia. Several major future challenges for labour supply are identified and the main types of policies that can be used by government to deal with those challenges are described. Recent developments for groups likely to feature in discussions about increasing labour supply are briefly reviewed.

Addressing the COVID-19 Shock: The Potential Job Creation in China by the RCEP.

In 2020, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) left around 81% of the global workforce, nearly 2.7 billion workers, affected. Employment in China was the first to be hit by COVID-19. The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is expected to bring dynamism to China's employment market in an era of long COVID-19. This study aims to examine the number of sectoral jobs that the RCEP will create in China, with the number of skilled or unskilled labour employed in each sector. The exogenous shocks to the RCEP can be reflected in the number of jobs created through multipliers based on a social accounting matrix compiled from China's input-output tables in 2017, combined with the employment satellite accounts compiled. The results show that the RCEP is expected to create over 17 million potential jobs in China, with unskilled labour accounting for 10.44 million and skilled labour for 6.77 million. It is even expected that there will be job losses in the metalworking machinery sector. The contribution of this paper can serve as a reference for policies to protect vulnerable sectors, further open up trade markets and strengthen cooperation among RCEP members as important measures to address the employment impact of long COVID-19.

Impact of business innovation on future employment in Nigeria: MDE

As the global economy continues to recover from COVID‐19 shocks, slower growth and not enough jobs to commensurate the growing labour force are observed. In line with SGD‐8, promoting decent work, sustainable economic growth, higher levels of productivity and technological innovation, this study argues that encouraging entrepreneurship for job creation is key to securing future employment. The study applied the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) to carry out the impact analysis. In addition, the study employed the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) to determine the linear relationship between entrepreneurship innovation and future employment. The study used the Youth Enterprise with Innovation (YouWiN) baseline survey (2019). The study engaged four innovation measures: the introduction of new products and services, access to the internet, utilisation of emails for marketing and firm's involvement in online advertisement. The PSM analysis results show that the four measures of innovation by firms have a positive and significant impact on future employment. Based on the results, the study concludes by recommending that various measures of innovation should be adopted in enterprises' activities to drive future employment.

INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE EMERGING MARKET: COVID-19 INFLUENCE

The COVID-19 pandemic had a tangible impact on Indonesia’s economy to a 4.5% economic growth contraction (Husnulwati & Yanuarsi, 2021). To analyze the dynamics of investment in the emerging market and the effects of COVID-19 associated with the work creation law in Indonesia. This study is research in the field of law with an empirical legal research approach. The Job Creation Law provides simplifications, especially concerning business licensing and investments that can be made starting from the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) level. The COVID-19 pandemic can be interpreted as momentum for Indonesia to attract more investors. The world economy has had significant changes, especially in exports and imports, coupled with the trade war between China and the United States (Sumarni, 2020). Still, several things must be paid attention to, namely: the long-term effect of investment after the amendment of investment provisions in the water, electricity, weapons, and defense business sectors;and the formulation of implementing regulations in the Job Creation Law because so far, Indonesia has been known to be slow in formulating laws and regulations. © 2022 The Authors.

The Opportunity of the Recovery and Resilience Facility and the Adaptation of the Spanish Public Procurement Framework

This article analyses the objectives set out in the NextGenerationEU funds, which aim to make Europe greener, more digital and more resilient. It also analyses how Spain has responded to the need to guarantee the appropriate framework for the absorption and correct application of the funds. Keywords: NextGenerationEU Funds;Recovery and Resilience Facility;Spain

Secular stagnation: as good as it gets?

This chapter looks closely at U.S. labor markets to examine secular stagnation in the U.S. We argue against the commonly held view that slow growth in the U.S. results from slow productivity growth and slow growth of inputs to production—especially the labor force. Instead, evidence from U.S. labor markets shows that the main problem is chronic insufficient growth of aggregate demand. We focus on two slow growth episodes experienced by the US economy (early-mid 1970s to mid-1990s, and then post Global Financial Crisis—prior to COVID-19) and conclude that stagnant worker's incomes, falling participation rates of prime-age men, and relatively slow growth of productivity are all indicative of a problem of chronic insufficient aggregate demand. In particular, the slow “recovery” of the employment rate and labor force participation following each recession since the 1990s is ultimately a consequence of insufficient and improper policy response. In our conclusion, we also discuss a way forward and call for a bigger role for government to play in promoting higher aggregate demand through direct job creation and well-targeted government spending. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

ASSESSING TOURISM INDUSTRY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the economy of all countries, putting the tourism industry under unprecedented pressure. The measures imposed by the governments of the countries, such as lockdown, quarantine, but also the changes in tourists ' behavior, as an effect of social distancing, have led to a significant decrease in tourism revenues, creating liquidity problems for companies operating in the tourism, hospitality, and leisure industries. In this context, the paper aims to analyze the effects of Covid-19 on tourism industry, as well as the perspectives of development of this economic sector on the short and medium term.

DEMONSTRATING HOW A HIGH-GROWTH FRAMEWORK COULD BE USED TO ASSIST A SOCIAL ENTERPRISE TO IDENTIFY GROWTH FACTORS AND IMPROVE SUSTAINABILITY

Maatskaplike ondernemings is kritieke rolspelers in ekonomiese groei en dienslewering. Hierdie artikel stel 'n instrument voor wat help om die aspekte te identifiseer wat die volhoubaarheid van maatskaplike ondernemings bei'nvloed. Die instrument is gebaseer op 'n raamwerk wat hoě groei-faktore identifiseer en gebruik die "CRISP-DM" (Kruis-industrie standaard proses vir data ontginning) metodologie en wedersydse inligtingsanalise om 'n praktiese hulpmiddel te ontwikkel wat maatskaplike ondernemings se lewensvatbaarheid en volhoubaarheid ondersteun. Die instrument is toegepas op 'n gevallestudie om te toon hoe praktisyns en sake-eienaars dit kan benut. Boonop wys hierdie artikel ook hoe vakkundiges bykomende insigte kan verkry uit data wat voorheen deur 'n ander metodologie ontleed is.Alternate :Social enterprises are critical players in economic growth and service delivery. This article presents a tool that helps to identify the aspects that affect the sustainability of social enterprises. The tool is based on a framework that identifies high-growth factors and that uses the CRISPDM (Cross-industry standard process for data mining) methodology and mutual information analysis to develop a practical tool to support social enterprises' viability and sustainability. The tool was applied to a case study to exemplify how practitioners and business owners could use it. In addition, this article shows how scholars could gain additional insights from data that had been previously analysed using a different methodology.

Consecuencias de la covid-19 en la economía y las finanzas públicas en México: más allá de la pandemia *

La crisis sanitaria generada por la acelerada propagación en el planeta del virus sarsCoV2 -fuente de la enfermedad covid-19- ha tenido un impacto negativo inevitable en los sistemas de salud y, simultáneamente, en la dinámica de las economías global, regional y nacional. Los problemas estructurales de la economía mexicana y la estrechez del espacio fiscal no surgieron con la pandemia, se fueron configurando durante las últimas tres décadas mediante la implementación del modelo económico que privilegió las políticas orientadas al mercado y el retiro de la intervención del Estado en la economía, en busca de una supuesta eficiencia en la asignación de los recursos y los factores productivos. En este artículo se analiza el impacto de la covid-19 en la economía y la hacienda pública de México, desde una perspectiva que plantea la existencia previa de las debilidades estructurales de la economía, a fin de buscar mayor dinamismo de la producción, el ingreso, la inversión productiva, la generación de empleo y la productividad laboral. También se plantea que las crisis de salud y económica representan una oportunidad para impulsar un nuevo modelo económico que trascienda las políticas económicas de raíz neoliberal, mediante el diseño y la instrumentación de una política para la transformación y la diversificación productivas, el desarrollo industrial, la innovación, la ciencia y la tecnología. Se busca un nuevo modelo económico que vaya más allá de la pandemia para el desarrollo de capacidades productivas y tecnológicas en el que la política económica no sea un fin para la estabilidad macroeconómica, sino un medio para alcanzar el objetivo central de bienestar social de la población.Alternate :The health crisis generated by the accelerated spread on the planet of the sars-CoV2 virus - the source of the covid-19 disease-has had an inevitable negative impact on health systems and simultaneously on the dynamics of the global, regional, and national economies. The structural problems of the Mexican economy and the narrowness of the fiscal space did not arise with the pandemic, they were configured during the last three decades with the implementation of the economic model that privileged market-oriented policies and the withdrawal of state intervention in the economy., in search of a supposed efficiency in the allocation of resources and productive factors. This article analyzes the impact of the covid-19 disease on the economy and public finances of Mexico, within a perspective that raises the previous existence of structural weaknesses in the economy to generate greater dynamism in production, income, productive investment, job creation, and labor productivity. The health and economic crises represent an opportunity to promote a new economic model that transcends the policies of neoliberal roots, through the design and implementation of an economic policy for the transformation and diversification of production, industrial development, innovation, science, and technology. A new economic model that goes beyond the pandemic, for the development of productive and technological capacities in which economic policy is not an end for macroeconomic stability, but a means to achieve the central objective of social welfare of the population.

Does Tourism Foster Economic Growth in BRICS Region? Empirical Evidence over 1995-2019

In the BRICS region, international tourism is considered a significant contributor to employment, forex earnings, and gross domestic product. In this context, this study examined the impact of tourism on the growth of BRICS economies by employing PMG based ARDL panel data analysis technique over an augmented neo-classical growth model during a period from 1995 to 2019. The results support a positive impact of international tourism on the growth of BRICS nations when their levels of human development are controlled in the long run. So, this study adds another feather to the extant empirical evidence of the tourism-led growth hypothesis in the BRICS region. Therefore, the policies of tourism sector development/expansion can supplement in achieving an elevated real economic growth in BRICS economies.